Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de Palluau et de

(1620-1698)

   F Particulars respecting his early life scanty, 61; enters army under Prince of Orange at age of fifteen, 62; promoted to rank of maréchal de camp, 62; peace of Westphalia, 1648, releases him from military life, 63; marriage, and birth of son, 63; his wife separates from him, 63; extravagant habits of, 64; commands Venetian troops in defence of Crete against Turks, 64; leaves France for Canada, midsummer of 1762, 65; endeavours to constitute "three estates" and summons an Assembly, 67; action disapproved by king, 67; his instructions regarding the ecclesiastical power, 69; friendly to Sulpicians and Récollets, 74; plans a visit to Cataraqui, 74; conducts an expedition to Cataraqui, 76-84; invites Indians to conference at that place, 79; harangues them and distributes presents, 81, 82; erects fort, 83; expedition not approved by minister, 84; Frontenac defends it, 85; difficulties with Perrot, governor of Montreal, and the Abbé Fénelon, 90-104; captures twelve coureurs de bois, 99; sends Perrot and Fénelon to France with report on case, 102; the king's reply, 103; enemies at court, 110; honour paid to him in church curtailed by Laval, 112; attitude towards ecclesiastical powers, 113; difficulty with bishop over issue of trading permits, involving carrying of liquor to Indians, 116; king prohibits permits, 116; visits Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac), 117; appeals against king's decision, 117; instructed not to meddle with questions of finance, etc., 120; authorized to grant hunting permits, 125; number to be issued restricted, 128; dispute with Intendant Duchesneau as to presidency of Sovereign Council, 133-140; censured by minister for his contentious spirit, 135; again cautioned by king and minister, 136; recalled, 143, 144; asks home government for soldiers, 145; summons conference on Indian question, 146; arranges peace between Senecas and Ottawas, 146; orders strengthening of fortifications of Montreal, 147; relations with Du Lhut, 162; has Récollet confessor, Father Maupassant, 165; alleged disorders in his household, 165; commends Sulpicians, 168; his recall a triumph for clerical opponents, 171; on return to France makes light of La Barre's demand for troops, 173; reappointed governor of Canada, 229; arrives at Chedabucto, 232; arrives at Quebec, 232; goes to Montreal, 233; exaggerates number of killed in Lachine massacre, 227; tries to arrest destruction of Fort Frontenac, 233; organizes raiding parties against English colonies, 234-236; brings out with him from France survivors of Indians captured for the galleys, 237; sends deputation to Iroquois, 237; sends reinforcements to La Durantaye, 241; his address to the Lake tribes, 242; result of his raids on English settlements, 253; improves fortifications of Quebec, 254; his relations with the Sovereign Council, 254-257; goes to Montreal where anxiety prevails, 257; his expedition to Lake Indians successful, 258; dances a war dance, 260; protests to Massachusetts authorities against attack on Pentagouet, 270; gets news at Montreal of approach of expedition against Quebec, 282; replies to Phipps's demand for surrender, 288, 289; recommends attack on Boston by sea, 316; describes ravages of the Abnaki, 317; estimate of military losses in Canada, 318; expresses himself as opposed to large expeditions, 320; orders De Louvigny at Michilimackinac to send down Indians with their furs, 323; firm in negotiations with Iroquois, 325, 338; complaints made against, 333-336; gives theatrical representations at Quebec, 336; question of Tartuffe, 337; restores Fort Frontenac against instructions of minister, 341; directs campaign against Iroquois, 350-353; reports his victory to the king and asks for recognition, 353; receives cross of St. Louis, 354; receives news of peace of Ryswick, 354; corresponds on question of sovereignty over Iroquois with Earl of Bellomont, governor of New York, 355; his last despatch to home government, 357; illness and death, 357-359; his will, 358; no known portrait, 360; funeral sermon and critical annotations thereon, 361. L Governor, erects fort at Cataraqui, 84, 145; takes Récollets under his protection, 112; arrival of, 143; his services and character, 144; supports La Salle, 149; prejudiced against the Jesuits, 157; tries to arrest coureurs de bois, 160; imprisons Perrot, governor of Montreal, 160; takes offence at sermon preached by Abbé Fénelon, 161; previously annoyed by sermon of Jesuit Father, 161; demands copy of Fénelon's sermon, 162; difficulty with De Bernières, 162, 163; censured by the king, 164, 165; quarrels with intendant, 167; recalled, 168; sends unfavourable reports regarding clergy, 170; summons conference on liquor traffic, 172; reappointed governor, 218; arrival of, 228; organizes three detachments to operate against English colonies, 229; his answer to Phipps, 229; attacks the Iroquois, 233; death of, 234.

   Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac; Myrand, Frontenac et ses Amis; Lorin, Le Comte de Frontenac; Legendre, Frontenac; Brady, Frontenac, the Saviour of Canada.